Modelo lógico-teórico como ferramenta de planejamento para melhoria da cobertura vacinal infantil no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil / Theoretical-logic model as a planning tool to improve childhood vaccination coverage in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil / Modelo teórico-lógico como herramienta de planificación para mejorar la cobertura de vacunación infantil en Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

Introdução:A vacinação tem se apresentado como uma importante estratégia de proteção à saúde da população. A redução da cobertura vacinal é um alerta para o retorno de doenças imunopreveníveis que já haviam sido erradicadas.Objetivo:Mapear o cenário de cobertura vacinal de crianças menores de 2 anos no Rio Grande do Norte no período de 2012 a 2021, e propor um modelo teórico-lógico para o planejamento das ações. Metodologia:Trata-se de um estudo do tipo ecológico, acerca da cobertura vacinal no estado em questão. Os dados foram coletados a partir do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), por meio das Informações em Saúde (TABNET). Para coleta dos dados, elegeu-se como variáveis o ano para compor a linha da tabela a ser gerada pelo sistema, o imunobiológico para compor a coluna e, como medida, foi selecionada a cobertura vacinal. O período analisado foi de 2012 a 2021. Resultados:Nacionalmente, os anos de 2020 e 2021 apresentaram queda com relação aos dois anos anteriores à pandemia do novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2). Foi identificada a mesma tendencia de queda na cobertura vacinal infantil no estado de interesse do estudo ao comparar a média de cobertura de 2018/2019 com a média de 2020/2021. O modelo lógico teórico apresentado neste estudocontribui para a otimizaçãodo planejamento e das ações do programa estadual de imunização. Conclusão:Este estudose mostrou relevante para direcionar as estratégias da Secretaria de Saúde Pública do Rio Grande do Norte,ao propor ummodelo teórico-lógicocomo ferramenta para melhoria dos indicadoresde cobertura vacinal infantil (AU).

Introduction:Vaccination has been presented as an important health protection strategy for the population. The reduction in vaccination coverage is an alert for the return of immune preventable diseases that had already been eradicated. Objective:To map the vaccination coverage scenario for children under 2 years old in Rio Grande do Norte from 2012 to 2021 and propose a theoretical-logical model for planning actions. Methodology:This is an ecological study on vaccination coveragein the state in question. Data were collected from the Department of Informatics of the Brazilian National Health System (DATASUS), through Health Information (TABNET). The variables chosen for data collection were the year, which formed the rows of the table generated by the system, the immunobiological vaccine, which formed the columns, and the vaccination coverage rate as the measure. The period analyzed was from 2012 to 2021. Results:Nationally, the years 2020 and 2021 showed a drop compared to the two years prior to thenew coronavirus pandemic (SARS-CoV-2). The same downward trend in childhood vaccination coverage was identified in the state of interest when comparing the average coverage of 2018/2019 with the average of 2020/2021. The theoretical logic model presented in this study contributes to optimizing the planning and actions of the state immunization program. Conclusion:This study proved to be relevant for directing the strategies of the Rio Grande do Norte Public Health Department, by proposing a theoretical-logical model as a tool for improving infant vaccination coverage indicators (AU).

Introducción:La vacunación se hapresentado como una importante estrategia para proteger la salud de la población. La reducción de la cobertura de vacunación es una alerta para el regreso de enfermedades inmunoprevenibles que ya habían sido erradicadas. Objetivo:Mapear el escenario de cobertura de vacunación para niños menores de 2 años en Rio Grande do Norte en el período de 2012 a 2021, y proponer un modelo lógico-teórico para la planificación de acciones. Metodología:Este es un estudio ecológico sobre la cobertura de vacunación enelEstado en cuestión. Los datos fueron recolectados del Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud (DATASUS), a través del Información en Salud (TABNET). Las variables seleccionadas para la recopilación de datos fueron el año, que conformó las filas de la tabla generada por el sistema, la vacuna inmunobiológica, que conformó las columnas, y la tasa de cobertura vacunal como medida. El período analizado fue de 2012 a 2021. Resultados:A nivel nacional, los años 2020 y 2021 mostraron un descenso encomparación con los dos años previos a la pandemia del nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). La misma tendencia a la baja en la cobertura de vacunación infantil se identificó en el estado de interés al comparar la cobertura media de 2018/2019 con la media de 2020/2021. El modelo lógico teórico presentado en este estudio contribuye a optimizar la planificación y las acciones del programa estatal de inmunización. Conclusión:Este estudio demostró ser relevante para direccionar las estrategias de la Secretaría de Salud Pública de Rio Grande do Norte, al proponer un modelo teórico-lógico como herramienta para mejorar los indicadores de cobertura de vacunación infantil (AU).

Moçambique. Manual de biossegurança e bioprotecção do instituto nacional de saúde / Biosafety and bioprotection manual of the national institute of health

Ao efectuarmos a revisão deste manual pretendemos apresentar uma nova dinâmica sobre os principais conceitos relativos a Biossegurança e Bioprotecção, suas interfaces essenciais e permitir que esses conhecimentos teóricos se desdobrem em acções práticas no dia-a-dia dos funcionários e colaboradores do e no INS, das re presentações locais, bem como da Rede de Laboratórios de Saúde Pública Humana do Sistema Nacional de Saúde (SNS). Nesta 2ª edição do manual iremos aprimorar os conceitos sobre Biossegurança, Bioprotecção, Biorisco e outros perigos que podem ocorrer em laboratórios, avaliação de riscos, níveis de biossegurança laboratorial, medidas de protecção individual e colectivas classifica das em barreiras primárias e secundárias, de controlo administrativos e de engenharia, adopção de boas práticas microbiológicas e de pro cedimentos (BPMP), medidas de precaução aceites universalmente e promoção da cultura do comportamento organizacional, iniciativas que induzam a manipulação segura de agentes e doenças emergentes e re-emergentes de carácter epidémico, endémico ou pandémico rumo a manutenção da segurança global em saúde…

A qualitative study on safety perception among healthcare workers of a tertiary academic care center during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Protecting healthcare workers (HCWs) from exposure to SARS-CoV-2 during patient care is central to managing the current pandemic. Higher levels of trust in personal protective equipment (PPE) and infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies have been previously related to lower levels of emotional exhaustion, yet little is known on how to achieve such a perception of safety. We thus sought to identify institutional actions, strategies and policies related to HCWs' safety perception during the early phase of the pandemic at a tertiary care center in Switzerland by interviewing HCWs from different clinics, professions, and positions. METHODS: For this qualitative study, 36 face-to-face semi-structured interviews were performed. Interviews were based on a guide that addressed the perception of institutional strategies and policies during the first phase of the pandemic in March 2020. The participants included doctors (n = 19) and nurses (n = 17) in senior and non-senior positions from eight clinics in the University Hospital Basel, Switzerland, all involved in patient care. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis and organized using MAXQDA (VERBI Software GmbH, Berlin). FINDINGS: Five recurring themes were identified to affect HCWs' perception of their safety during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: (1) transparency and clarity of information, (2) communication on the availability of PPE (with the provision of information alone increasing the feeling of safety even if supplies of PPE were reported as low), (3) uniformity and consistency of guidelines, (4) digital resources to support face-to-face teaching (although personal information transfer is still being considered superior in terms of strengthening safety perception) and (5) support and appreciation for the work performed. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies institutional policies and actions influencing HCWs' safety perception during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, the most important of which is the factor of transparent communication. This knowledge reveals potential areas of action critical to improving preparedness and management in hospitals faced with an infectious disease threat.

Reconciling human health with the environment while struggling against the COVID-19 pandemic through improved face mask eco-design.

Surgical masks have become critical for protecting human health against the COVID-19 pandemic, even though their environmental burden is a matter of ongoing debate. This study aimed at shedding light on the environmental impacts of single-use (i.e., MD-Type I) versus reusable (i.e., MD-Type IIR) face masks via a comparative life cycle assessment with a cradle-to-grave system boundary. We adopted a two-level analysis using the ReCiPe (H) method, considering both midpoint and endpoint categories. The results showed that reusable face masks created fewer impacts for most midpoint categories. At the endpoint level, reusable face masks were superior to single-use masks, producing scores of 16.16 and 84.20 MPt, respectively. The main environmental impacts of single-use masks were linked to raw material consumption, energy requirements and waste disposal, while the use phase and raw material consumption made the most significant contribution for reusable type. However, our results showed that lower environmental impacts of reusable face masks strongly depend on the use phase since reusable face masks lost their superior performance when the hand wash scenario was tested. Improvement of mask eco-design emerged as another key factor such as using more sustainable raw materials and designing better waste disposal scenarios could significantly lower the environmental impacts.

Comparison of Vie Scope® and Macintosh laryngoscopes for intubation during resuscitation by paramedics wearing personal protective equipment.

BACKGROUND: Endotracheal intubation (ETI) is still the gold standard of airway management, but in cases of sudden cardiac arrest in patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, ETI is associated with risks for both the patient and the medical personnel. We hypothesized that the Vie Scope® is more useful for endotracheal intubation of suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cardiac arrest patients than the conventional laryngoscope with Macintosh blade when operators are wearing personal protective equipment (PPE). METHODS: Study was designed as a prospective, multicenter, randomized clinical trial performed by Emergency Medical Services in Poland. Patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis who needed cardiopulmonary resuscitation in prehospital setting were included. Patients under 18 years old or with criteria predictive of impossible intubation under direct laryngoscopy, were excluded. Patients were randomly allocated 1:1 to Vie Scope® versus direct laryngoscopy with a Macintosh blade. Study groups were compared on success of intubation attempts, time to intubation, glottis visualization and number of optimization maneuvers. RESULTS: We enrolled 90 out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients, aged 43-92 years. Compared to the VieScope® laryngoscope, use of the Macintosh laryngoscope required longer times for tracheal intubation with an estimated mean difference of -48 s (95%CI confidence interval [CI], -60.23, -35.77; p < 0.001). Moreover VieScope® improved first attempt success rate, 93.3% vs. 51.1% respectively (odds ratio [OR] = 13.39; 95%CI: 3.62, 49.58; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The use of the Vie Scope® laryngoscope in OHCA patients improved the first attempt success rate, and reduced intubation time compared to Macintosh laryngoscope in paramedics wearing PPE for against aerosol generating procedures. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials registration number NCT04365608.

Infection control in the intensive care unit: expert consensus statements for SARS-CoV-2 using a Delphi method.

During the current COVID-19 pandemic, health-care workers and uninfected patients in intensive care units (ICUs) are at risk of being infected with SARS-CoV-2 as a result of transmission from infected patients and health-care workers. In the absence of high-quality evidence on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, clinical practice of infection control and prevention in ICUs varies widely. Using a Delphi process, international experts in intensive care, infectious diseases, and infection control developed consensus statements on infection control for SARS-CoV-2 in an ICU. Consensus was achieved for 31 (94%) of 33 statements, from which 25 clinical practice statements were issued. These statements include guidance on ICU design and engineering, health-care worker safety, visiting policy, personal protective equipment, patients and procedures, disinfection, and sterilisation. Consensus was not reached on optimal return to work criteria for health-care workers who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 or the acceptable disinfection strategy for heat-sensitive instruments used for airway management of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Well designed studies are needed to assess the effects of these practice statements and address the remaining uncertainties.

Protocolo assistencial multidisciplinar uso de equipamento de proteção individual ­ EPI pelos profissionais da saúde / Multidisciplinary care protocol use of personal protective equipment - PPE by health professionals

Garantir a saúde e a proteção do servidor, minimizando e/ou evitando consequências negativas em casos de acidentes de trabalho. O EPI também é usado para garantir que o profissional não será exposto a doenças ocupacionais, que podem comprometer a capacidade de trabalho e de vida durante e depois da fase ativa de trabalho. (Au)

Discrepancy of particle passage in 101 mask batches during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic in Germany.

During the first wave of Covid-19 infections in Germany in April 2020, clinics reported a shortage of filtering face masks with aerosol retention> 94% (FFP2 & 3, KN95, N95). Companies all over the world increased their production capacities, but quality control of once-certified materials and masks came up short. To help identify falsely labeled masks and ensure safe protection equipment, we tested 101 different batches of masks in 993 measurements with a self-made setup based on DIN standards. An aerosol generator provided a NaCl test aerosol which was applied to the mask. A laser aerosol spectrometer measured the aerosol concentration in a range from 90 to 500 nm to quantify the masks' retention. Of 101 tested mask batches, only 31 batches kept what their label promised. Especially in the initial phase of the pandemic in Germany, we observed fluctuating mask qualities. Many batches show very high variability in aerosol retention. In addition, by measuring with a laser aerosol spectrometer, we were able to show that not all masks filter small and large particles equally well. In this study we demonstrate how important internal and independent quality controls are, especially in times of need and shortage of personal protection equipment.

Propuesta metodológica para mejorar la calidad en el diseño de un objeto virtual de aprendizaje: una experiencia con el equipo de protección personal / Methodological proposal to improve the quality of a virtual learning object: an experience with personal protection equipment

Introducción: Los objetos virtuales de aprendizaje (OVA) son una herramienta del proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje. En la bibliografía hace falta una evidencia del proceso de creación de un OVA de calidad. El objetivo de este manuscrito es realizar una propuesta metodológica para diseñar un OVA con el modelo de ADDIE y evaluar su calidad con el Learning Object Review Instrument (LORI). Material y métodos: Se diseñó un OVA con el objetivo de capacitar a estudiantes y personal de salud en la colocación y la retirada del equipo de protección personal. El diseño se realizó por medio del modelo ADDIE y posteriormente se evaluó con el LORI. Resultados: El promedio obtenido del total de respuestas de 355 estudiantes fue de 4,66, con una moda de 5 y una mediana de 4,75. El elemento mejor evaluado fue el dos, que está relacionado con el logro de las metas y objetivos, con una media de 4,73, y el elemento peor evaluado fue el cinco, relacionado con la presentación del OVA, con una media de 4,6. Conclusiones: El uso de una metodología que incluye el diseño y la evaluación de un OVA asegura la reproducibilidad, la sistematización y la mejora continua de la herramienta didáctica.(AU)

Introduction: Virtual learning objects (VLO) are tools in the teaching-learning process. In the literature poor evidence of the process of creating a quality VLO is found. The objective of this manuscript is to build up a methodological proposal to design a VLO with the ADDIE model and evaluate its quality with the Learning Object Review Instrument (LORI). Material and methods: A VLO was designed with the objective of training students and health personnel in the placement and removal of personal protective equipment, the design was carried out through the ADDIE model, later it was evaluated with the LORI. Results: The average obtained from the total responses of 355 students was 4.66 with a mode of 5 and a median of 4.75, the best evaluated element was two with a mean of 4.73 that is related to the achievement of goals and objectives, the worst evaluated element was five with a mean of 4.60 related to the presentation of the VLO. Conclusions: The use of a methodology that includes the design and evaluation of an VLO ensures the reproducibility, systematization, and continuous improvement of the teaching tool.(AU)

EVIPNet Unifesp: experiência em PIE

Monica Taminato relata sobre as questões de saúde ocupacional dos profissionais de saúde no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil e uso correto de insumos.

The use of personal protective equipment in endoscopy: what should the endoscopist wear during a pandemic?

Endoscopists are at high risk of exposure and nosocomial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 virus) when performing endoscopic procedures due to the highly aerosol generating nature of these procedures. At present, there is still no consensus among endoscopists with regards to the type of protective equipment to be worn by healthcare workers, when performing endoscopy during the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This review encompasses a summary of currently published guidelines related to the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) when performing endoscopic procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic. With increasing calls to rationalize the use of PPE due to shortages in global supply chains, the review offers a concise summary on the most appropriate and adequate use of PPE when performing endoscopy during the pandemic. It is expected that these adaptations in the use of PPE during the pandemic will help to improve standards of care and safety of healthcare workers.

Comprehensive occupational health services for healthcare workers in Zimbabwe during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers are disproportionately affected by COVID-19. In low- and middle- income countries, they may be particularly impacted by underfunded health systems, lack of personal protective equipment, challenging working conditions and barriers in accessing personal healthcare. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, occupational health screening was implemented at the largest public sector medical centre in Harare, Zimbabwe, during the "first wave" of the country's COVID-19 epidemic. Clients were voluntarily screened for symptoms of COVID-19, and if present, offered a SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid detection assay. In addition, measurement of height, weight, blood pressure and HbA1c, HIV and TB testing, and mental health screening using the Shona Symptom Questionnaire (SSQ-14) were offered. An interviewer-administered questionnaire ascertained client knowledge and experiences related to COVID-19. RESULTS: Between 27th July and 30th October 2020, 951 healthcare workers accessed the service; 210 (22%) were tested for SARS-CoV-2, of whom 12 (5.7%) tested positive. Clients reported high levels of concern about COVID-19 which declined with time, and faced barriers including lack of resources for infection prevention and control. There was a high prevalence of largely undiagnosed non-communicable disease: 61% were overweight or obese, 34% had a blood pressure of 140/90mmHg or above, 10% had an HbA1c diagnostic of diabetes, and 7% had an SSQ-14 score consistent with a common mental disorder. Overall 8% were HIV-positive, with 97% previously diagnosed and on treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Cases of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers mirrored the national epidemic curve. Implementation of comprehensive occupational health services during a pandemic was feasible, and uptake was high. Other comorbidities were highly prevalent, which may be risk factors for severe COVID-19 but are also important independent causes of morbidity and mortality. Healthcare workers are critical to combatting COVID-19; it is essential to support their physical and psychological wellbeing during the pandemic and beyond.

Impact of wearing personal protective equipment on the performance and decision making of surgeons during the COVID-19 pandemic: An observational cross-sectional study.

ABSTRACT: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the mandatory use of personal protective equipment (PPE) has resulted in a significant reduction in the infection rate among health care workers (HCWs). However, there are some ongoing concerns about the negative impact of using PPE for prolonged periods.This study examined the impact of wearing PPE on surgeons' performance and decision making during the COVID-19 pandemic.In this cross-sectional study, an anonymous online questionnaire was created and disseminated to surgeons all over the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire included the demographic data, the local hospital policies, the non-technical skills (e.g., communication, vision, and comfort) and the technical skills, and the process of decision making.From June 2020 to August 2020, 162 surgeons participated in this questionnaire. Of them, 80.2% were aged from 26 to 45 years, 70.4% have received a special training for PPE, and 59.3% of participants have operated on COVID-19 confirmed cases. A negative impact of wearing PPE was reported on their overall comfort, vision, and communication skills (92.6%, 95.1%, and 82.8%, respectively). The technical skills and decision making were not significantly affected (60.5% and 72.8%, respectively). More preference for conservative approach, damage control procedures, and/or open approach was reported.Despite its benefits, PPE is associated with a significant negative impact on the non-technical skills (including vision, communication, and comfort) as well as a non-significant negative impact on technical skills and decision making of surgeons. Extra efforts should be directed to improve PPE, especially during lengthy pandemics.

Clinical recommendations for in-hospital airway management during aerosol-transmitting procedures in the setting of a viral pandemic.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can lead to severe pneumonia and multiorgan failure. While most of the infected patients develop no or only mild symptoms, some need respiratory support or even invasive ventilation. The exact route of transmission is currently under investigation. While droplet exposure and direct contact seem to be the most significant ways of transmitting the disease, aerosol transmission appears to be possible under circumstances favored by high viral load. Despite the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), this situation potentially puts healthcare workers at risk of infection, especially if they are involved in airway management. Various recommendations and international guidelines aim to protect healthcare workers, although evidence-based research confirming the benefits of these approaches is still scarce. In this article, we summarize the current literature and recommendations for airway management of COVID-19 patients.

Patients, procedures, and PPE: Safe office-based anesthesia recommendations in the COVID-19 era.

The growth of office-based surgery (OBS) has been due to ease of scheduling and convenience for patients; office-based anesthesia safety continues to be well supported in the literature. In 2020, the Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) has resulted in dramatic shifts in healthcare, especially in the office-based setting. The goal of closing the economy was to flatten the curve, impacting office-based and ambulatory practices. Reopening of the economy and the return to ambulatory surgery and OBS and procedures have created a challenge due to COVID-19 and the infectious disease precautions that must be taken. Patients may be more apt to return to the outpatient setting to avoid the hospital, especially with the resurgence of COVID-19 cases locally, nationally, and worldwide. This review provides algorithms for screening and testing patients, selecting patients for procedures, choosing appropriate procedures, and selecting suitable personal protective equipment in this unprecedented period.

Efficacy of Various Facial Protective Equipment for Infection Control in a Healthcare Setting.

INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has reinforced the importance of facial protection against droplet transmission of diseases. Healthcare workers wear personal protection equipment (PPE), including face shields and masks. Plastic face shields may have advantages over regular medical masks. Although many designs of face shields exist, there is a paucity of evidence regarding the efficacy of shield designs against droplet transmissions. There is even less published evidence comparing various face shields. Due to the urgency of the pandemic and the health and safety of healthcare workers, we aimed to study the efficacy of various face shields against droplet transmission. METHODS: We simulated droplet transmission via coughing using a heavy-duty chemical spray bottle filled with fluorescein. A standard-adult sized mannequin head was used. The mannequin head wore various face shields and was positioned to face the spray bottle at either a 0°, 45°, or 90° angle. The spray bottle was positioned at and sprayed from 30 centimeters (cm), 60 cm, or 90 cm away from the head. These steps were repeated for all face shields used. Control was a mannequin that wore no PPE. A basic mask was also tested. We collected data for particle count, total area of particle distribution, average particle size, and percentage area covered by particles. We analyzed percent covered by particles using a repeated measures mixed-model regression with Tukey-Kramer pairwise comparison. RESULTS: We used least square means to estimate the percentage area covered by particles. Wearing PPE regardless of the design reduced particle transmission to the mannequin compared to the control. The LCG mask had the lowest square means of 0.06 of all face-shield designs analyzed. Tukey-Kramer pairwise comparison showed that all PPEs had a decrease in particle contamination compared to the control. LCG shield was found to have the least contamination compared to all other masks (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Results suggest the importance of wearing a protective covering against droplet transmission. The LCG shield was found to decrease facial contamination by droplets the most of any tested protective equipment.